Hawaii

Posted on March 3, 2013 by gymnosperm

By incredibly good luck I’ve been spending lots of time in Hawaii lately, on business no less. I stay in this unbelievable house.

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One really gets the sense of being out in the middle of the ocean in Hawaii, at least I do. Then of course it is necessary to have a look to see what this place is really all about.

Hawaii

Ok, so the Hawaii we think of is way down at the right bottom of the blue gravity boomerang. It is just the latest in a series of seamounts that has been continuously burning a hole in the ocean floor for about 85 million years. The very oldest one is up near the strange inflection point where the Aleutian Trench meats the Eurasian trench system.

The pronounced bend at the Mendocino Fracture Zone technically separates the Emperor Seamounts from the Hawaiian chain. Although the volcanic ages of the islands  move smoothly through this bend, something important happened here. The islands are smaller and more sparse and they haven’t pushed the crust down enough to create a gravity low. You can see they have been offset a bit

Before they ran into the Mendocino Fracture Zone, both the hotspot and the ocean floor were moving. You almost get the feeling the fracture zone stopped it. After the fracture zone towards Hawaii the trend is normal to the direction of the ocean floor movement, and the hotspot may not have moved very much as the ocean floor above just sailed by. Hawaii is the end of the line now, but it will be just a few more islands in the procession in due time.

Gotta get back to work, but don’t feel too sorry for me…

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Posted in Geography, Geoid, Geology, Gravity Anomalies, Oceanography, Plate Tectonics | Tagged , , , | 1 Comment

Half Dome then and Now

Posted on February 25, 2013 by gymnosperm

The first time I went up the cables on Half Dome was in July, 1974. I was skiing the Muir Trail during Christmas vacations, hiking it for the second and third times during the summers, and going to school in between.We looked like bikers then.

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We wore enormous boots suitable for ice climbing.

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Just generally loaded for bear.

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And not afraid to hang ten on the nose.

Many years passed. Many wonderful trips introducing the kids to wilderness. Our first trip below. Eleven days up Goddard Creek. Expedition style, hike the kids up, go back and ferry another load.

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But loads have a habit of shifting. A new world emerges. In 1974 we got to Lake Tenaya at two in the morning, left the next morning, spent a night and climbed Half Dome without a permit. Today there is a lottery for permits and an armed ranger at the base of the cables. Your papers had best be in order.

I would have been trying to figure out a way to sneak up there in the moonlight, but each generation rises to it’s challenges and my son entered the lottery and got a permit last August. The load has shifted. Regulation and wilderness is an oxymoron. To preserve our dignity we left in the dark and did an illegal bivouac to get an early start.

I was less afraid on the cables this time, even though a bit of rain made the granite very slick on the way up.

The load has shifted. My daughter, recovering from ACL surgery did it in a knee brace.

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My son on the nose.

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I am proud to pass the load on. Maybe they will ferry loads for me when I am too doddering to carry any of it.

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Posted in Half Dome, Wilderness | Tagged , , | 3 Comments

California Great Central Valley as a Cretaceous Sea of Cortez

Posted on February 18, 2013 by gymnosperm

I was travelling the world as I often do in Google Earth, pondering how strange it is that the Hawaiian Seamount chain created a gravity low its entire length, when I noticed this:

Great Valley Sea of Cortez

Probably just because gravity lows are a nice deep blue and when you look at this on a regular map the Sea of Cortez is blue of course, but the Great Valley is green or brown and it is harder to see the similarity.

It makes nothing but sense. North America has been in the vanguard of the advance of continents to reclaim the planet from the Panthalassic Ocean since the breakup of Pangea. Strike slip conditions like those that cause the San Andreas Fault today have prevailed for most of this period. Huge chunks of western North America are paleomagnetically out-of-place and the subject is so controversial that geologists are required to check their hammers at the door when they meet to discuss it.

It is safe to say that generally slivers have been getting ripped off and sliding northward relative to the continent for a very long time. What seems to have happened is active spreading moved further south and the San Andreas system moved Baja California north, sealing the Sea of Central Valley off at the bottom in the form of the Transverse Ranges.

Active seafloor spreading in the Sea of Central Valley like that taking place in the Sea of Cortez today would explain the mysterious ophiolite (read ocean floor) sequences around the valley.

Then again, it could just be a figment of my imagination.

Posted in Geography, Geology, Gravity Anomalies, Paleogeography, Plate Tectonics | Tagged , , , , , , | 4 Comments

Bad Hair Days and Magnetic Excursions

Posted on February 16, 2013 by gymnosperm

This picture of a model simulating the weakened and divided magnetic field during a reversal should be in the thesaurus when you look up “bad hair day”.

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If this is anywhere near correct it should be no surprise that the nano compass needles in sediment cores drilled at different places around the globe point to different magnetic north poles and indicate different paths for the pole during the excursions. Imagine trying to navigate by compass on that puppy.

Here is a part of the path of magnetic north during the 41kya (thousand years ago) reversal in the opinion of Black Sea sediments from data very kindly provided by Norbert Nowaczyk. the background is the gravity anomaly and seafloor isochrons with some subduction slab Benioff contour depths for good measure.

Polar Wandering

The black path is from Dr. Nowaczyk’s Black Sea data. The view is centered on the Canadian Arctic and the red path is Magnetic North since A.D. 1600 according to NOAA. I’ve discovered a lot more Ocean Drilling Project data for excursions I intend to create Fusion Tables for and plot in Google Earth as time and patience allows.

One can see the start and end points for the 41kya excursion very near the modern path. It is also quite clear that jiggy behavior is normal and like lightning the field makes false starts and trial runs before flipping fairly quickly. The 41kya path went off the bottom of the picture all the way to Cuba before backtracking across the U.S. in the lower left. It got out in the Pacific, zigged a bit, and shot down to Antarctica for a complete reversal in the opinion of the Black Sea. Sediments from the Bahamas show a different path that never becomes a complete reversal.

We have a lot to learn, but the current northward path of magnetic north is not making my hair stand on end. Bad hair days are when it heads south.

Posted in Gravity Anomalies, Magnetic Reversals, True Polar Wander, Virtual Geomagnetic Pole (VGP) | Tagged , , , | Leave a comment

The Nano Carbon Cycle

Posted on February 13, 2013 by gymnosperm

We live in a world of wee beasties. Microbes here, microbes there, microbes in every breath we take, microbes on every bite we eat. They digest the food in our bellies, they create our food and drink. They make us sick.

The oceans are full of them too.

Prochlorococcus

Meet Prochlorococcus, one of the reasons there is Oxygen in our atmosphere.

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Meet SAR 11, part of the reason (besides us) that there is less Oxygen and more CO2 in the atmosphere.

Wee beasties comprise half of the biomass of the planet. The oceans cover 70% of the surface and in the wee beastie soup at the ocean surface massive amounts of Carbon and Oxygen are cycled between photosynthesizing and respirating beasties without ever leaving the water, and our new friends above are major players. This exchange takes place over distances of microns and nearly instantaneously.

Call it the nano Carbon Cycle.

Update 10-2015

The following from the abstract of Lea-Smith et al 2015:

Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, produce and accumulate hydrocarbons, predominantly C15 and C17 alkanes, between 0.022 and 0.368% of dry cell weight. Based on global population sizes and turnover rates, we estimate that these species have the capacity to produce 2–540 pg alkanes per mL per day, which translates into a global ocean yield of ∼308–771 million tons of hydrocarbons annually. We also demonstrate that both obligate and facultative marine hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria can consume cyanobacterial alkanes, which likely prevents these hydrocarbons from accumulating in the environment. Our findings implicate cyanobacteria and hydrocarbon degraders as key players in a notable internal hydrocarbon cycle within the upper ocean, where alkanes are continually produced and subsequently consumed within days. 

Posted in Carbon Cycle, Climate, Geography, Geology, Oceanography | Tagged , | 1 Comment

Reversals and the Carbon Dioxide Wind.

Posted on February 7, 2013 by gymnosperm

The most astonishing lesson in physics gained from floating rivers is the inclination of water to reverse direction and flow back into a “hole”. Even in the steepest rapid and in spite of its tremendous weight and momentum, when an obstruction (usually rock or ledge) forces a divergence of flow, that stupid water wants to go back upstream and fill the void. Nature abhors a vacuum.

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River folks call these features holes or reversals. They are dangerous features that surviving river runners learn to avoid.

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Our planet has a river of Carbon dioxide. We humans produce about 10 gigatons of the stuff each year, but about 200 additional gigatons is outgassed at ocean upwelling zones, and chemically produced by other living things. Of this, about 120 gigatons is used by plants and about 90 gigatons sinks back into the ocean in downwelling zones primarily in the North Atlantic and around Antarctica. All of this in one year.

Well, these downwelling zones where 90 gigatons of Carbon dioxide sink are holes in the Carbon dioxide river, and a surely as water will flow uphill to fill a void, Carbon dioxide will flow to fill these holes.

We usually call rivers in the atmosphere wind. Carbon dioxide wind.

Posted in Climate, Geography, Oceanography, River | Tagged , , , | Leave a comment

Study in Science Magazine Shows Strongest El Ninos in 7000 Years Were During Little Ice Age

Posted on February 3, 2013 by gymnosperm

Kim Cobb and others published January 3 in Science Magazine a paper exploring 18Oxygen in coral cores as old as 7000 years. Living coral was not drilled. While showing some increase in amplitude since 1970, the strongest El Ninos in the 7000 year span occurred about 400 years ago during the Little Ice Age.

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Here in a picture from UCSD they are drilling in Coral “rocks” that have been broken off the reefs. Besides the strongest El Ninos and the Little Ice age, the early 1600’s were   characterized by sporadic outbreaks of plague, the heyday of Sir Isaac Newton, the English Civil War, and the sailing of the Mayflower.

Posted in Climate, Climate Change, History, Paleoclimate | Leave a comment

Structural Similarities Observed in ENSO Neutered Atmospheric Temperatures and Ocean Enthalpy

Posted on February 2, 2013 by gymnosperm
earth

earth (Photo credit: Dreaming in the deep south)

Signal lies in structure.

Atmospheric temperature for the last decade and a half has made it abundantly clear that there is much more going on than the optical and radiative properties of carbon dioxide. The converse possibility that oceans, which have thus far continued to warm, could somehow be warmed by CO2 in spite of the thermal stability and theoretically limiting absorptive properties of water has remained a possibility.

The ancients had earth, air, fire, and water for fundamental elements and we have simplified these elements to mass, energy, and time. Energy is a mystical element. It dances as a plasma off the welder’s rod and in flares from the sun, and it bathes us in pleasant light and warmth.

The earth receives some quantum of energy from the sun, yet as best we can measure it several percent more energy dances between the surface and the lower atmosphere than the total the earth recieves.This dance takes place in the infrared part of the spectrum and the inherent lower energy compared with incoming visible light makes the magnitude of this flux all the more impressive.

The dance floor is a micron scale skin on soil, rock, ice, and water that can receive infrared and be warmed and the action is water vapor and to a far lesser extent Carbon dioxide absorbing the radiation from the warmed surface skin and radiating it back. If the incoming solar radiation were a 100w bulb, 117 watts would be radiated as IR from the surface skin to the atmosphere and 100 watts of that radiated back to the surface.

I have argued that it makes no sense to subtract ENSO from atmospheric temperature because it is not noise but rather a fundamental part of the system. Here I digitized an ENSO neutered average of atmospheric temperature measurements from Foster and Ramshorf 2011 and plotted them against NODC all ocean Enthalpy which is basically Levitus et al 2012.

ENSO Adjusted

Oceans cover 70% of the planet and the atmosphere receives about 80% of its “temperature” from surface radiation. I expected that this plot would show that the residual atmospheric warming after ENSO (and the other stuff like volcanoes that probably  should be considered noise) is subtracted out is the baseline  atmospheric warming to be expected from ocean warming.

The result is not so clear. There is similarity of structure but overall it is not what one expects from the massive, instantaneous, reciprocal energy flux alone.

Posted in Climate, Climate Change, Geography, Geology, Global Warming, Oceanography | Tagged , , , | Leave a comment

Loose Fire Hose and the Aborted Nino

Posted on January 26, 2013 by gymnosperm

The Antarctic vortex is a whirling dervish that extends from the stratosphere to the deep ocean. Inside the steep gradients that drive this circulation everything is reflected inward and contained. Outside the dervish everything that contacts it receives angular momentum. Thus works a centrifugal pump.

All Ocean view by Alexandre Van de Sande

All Ocean view by Alexandre Van de Sande

One very important feature of our planet that gets accelerated by the Antarctic pump is the thermohaline circulation. Here it is drawn with a linear acceleration into the Pacific and then doubling back in a helical figure 8 to reinforce the surface warm water pile up at Indonesia (the Pacific Warm Pool) that sets the stage for an El Nino. I would draw it looping further into the north Pacific. The water would rise and warm in South China Sea and  reinforce the Kuroshio Current. This is the PDO “positive” phase. Positive in the sense that it reinforces El Ninos. Cool water is pumped to the South China Sea where it reduces evaporation and rainfall in China. El Ninos are more frequent because the warm water surface flow reinforces the efforts of the trade winds to pile warm water at the restriction of Indonesia.

But like the loose end of a fire hose this thermohaline configuration is unstable. We got Rossby waves, we got Kelvin waves, we got maybe waves we can’t imagine bouncing around the ocean basins. Bouncing off continents, bouncing off midocean ridges, running up and down the continental margins, even pumping surges of water through sieves like Indonesia and the Bearing straight.

And then we get a sleeper wave, a resonance of all these waves so strong tha it unwinds the helix and the firehose flops to the other side of the Pacific. Now the thermohaline circulation reinforces the Humboldt Current. The Southern Hemisphere trade winds are strengthened.  Cold upwelling cools the eastward surges of warm water that would be El Ninos as the Northern Hemisphere trades move more to the central Pacific. And the male children are aborted.

The last sleeper wave was in 1997 and the most recent abortion was this very year.

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Global Average Temperature and Whirled Peas

Posted on January 21, 2013 by gymnosperm

Can you visualize whirled peas? Yes, unfortunately. And what do whirled peas mean? Both the mean and the average and everything else.. Everything is nothing.

whirled-peas[1]

So what if the diurnal temperature spread were the difference between a snowcone and a snowfree earth (there has never been a snowball earth)? What if it were the diurnal spread plus the  45 degree N atmospheric moisture? Can we really explain the truly wimpy Southern hemisphere glaciation at the LGM by a lack of continents? A mile of ice on Manitoba, Patagonia merely Sierraesque, and Siberia unscathed?

Where would we find these answers in the whirled peas anyway? Maybe we just have whirling disease.

Posted in Climate, Climate Change, Geography, Global Warming | Tagged , , , | Leave a comment